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پیش التهابی
As wounds heal, the local macrophage population transitions from predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1-like phenotypes) to anti-inflammatory (M2-like phenotypes).
Thus, local macrophages retain pro-inflammatory characteristics.
Neutrophils produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proteases and pro-inflammatory cytokines to sanitize the wound.
Initially, pro-inflammatory macrophages, traditionally referred to as "M1" macrophages, infiltrate after injury in order to clean the wound of bacteria, foreign debris and dead cells.
Evidence toward a stalled pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in chronic wounds is also presented.
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